{"id":1261,"date":"2020-07-06T18:22:00","date_gmt":"2020-07-06T18:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/box2141.temp.domains\/~geolatin\/?p=1261"},"modified":"2020-12-28T21:32:39","modified_gmt":"2020-12-28T21:32:39","slug":"unsolved-questions-and-paradigm-shifts-in-geoscience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geolatinas.org\/es\/unsolved-questions-and-paradigm-shifts-in-geoscience\/","title":{"rendered":"Preguntas sin resolver y cambios de paradigma en geociencia"},"content":{"rendered":"
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By Luisa F. Zuluaga<\/strong><\/span><\/h2><\/div>
Edited by \u00c1ngela Ara<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>

Science and knowledge are never finished, each new answer brings forward new questions. Geosciences are not the exception.<\/p>

Little by little we use our previous knowledge to solve our problems and questions, much like brick and mortar, we create ever-complex and bigger buildings, hopefully, robust ones.<\/p>

Our \u2018knowledge buildings\u2019 serve us to predict phenomena, advance technology, in short, to progress. We pile on top of them, but at some point each new brick is more difficult to place. This stage suggests that a new paradigm is needed, forcing our buildings to be inspected, reassessed, and sometimes entirely dismantled in order to give way to novel and better ways to understand our world.<\/p>

The National Academy of Sciences (U.S.A) recently published its vision regarding research opportunities in geoscience for the starting decade: A Vision for NSF Earth Sciences 2020-2030: Earth in Time [1] The document presents the following 12 questions:<\/p>

  1. How is Earth\u2019s internal magnetic field generated?<\/li>
  2. When, why and how did plate tectonics start?<\/li>
  3. How are critical elements distributed and cycled in the Earth?<\/li>
  4. What is an earthquake?<\/li>
  5. What drives volcanism?<\/li>
  6. What are the causes and consequences of topographic change?<\/li>
  7. How does the critical zone* influence climate?<\/li>
  8. What does Earth\u2019s past reveal about the dynamics of the climate system?<\/li>
  9. How is Earth\u2019s water cycle changing?<\/li>
  10. How do biogeochemical cycles evolve?<\/li>
  11. How do geological processes influence biodiversity?<\/li>
  12. How can geoscience research reduce the risk and toll of geohazards?<\/li><\/ol>

    *The critical zone is the reactive skin of the terrestrial Earth, extending from the top of the vegetation through the soil and down to fresh bedrock and the bottom of actively cycling groundwater (NRC, 2001; Sullivan et al., 2017)<\/p>

    Some of them may surprise at first glance, they were thought as more or less resolved; at least it seemed so in our introductory courses. But, while investigating them, new knowledge gaps are found and novel research opportunities arise.<\/p>

    Interdisciplinary, Diversity and Development
    This type of document is widely consulted by research groups, not only due to its scientific value, but also due to the likelihood to receive grant funding while focusing on those questions. These panels and reports become science guidelines, influencing decisions and policy.<\/p>

    How would these questions change had the panels writing them were more diverse? Not only in terms of discipline but also in terms of lived experiences? Would the range of priorities change? Would novel questions arise? The last few decades have provided more opportunities for people traditionally excluded or underrepresented in the world of scientific research to move forward. In fact, a recent study documented the positive impact of their innovations, but paradoxically, this does not result in better recognition of such scientists [2]. There are still hurdles and\u00a0 more to be done to unleash this potential.<\/p>

    Geoscience observes the present as the key to the past, mainly as a function to advance in the future, but this future will only be sustainable when structures are in place for everyone to equally contribute and benefit from advances in geoscience. In this readjustment is where our next paradigm shift will emerge[3]. Will you be part of it or will you rather stay fossilized in a miogeosyncline?<\/p><\/div>

    \u00a0<\/div>
    \"Picture\"<\/a>Interdisciplinary, Diversity and Development. Science priority questions illustrated on top of both an early Earth (without a fully developed solid inner core, left) that evolves into a dynamic Earth (bottom right). In the inset, the profile of a landscape highlights Earth surface processes. Illustration courtesy of Fabio Crameri et al., (NSF report figure 2-1, 2020)<\/span><\/div>
    \u00a0<\/div>
    References<\/strong>
    [1]     A Vision for NSF Earth Sciences 2020-2030<\/a> National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. A Vision for NSF Earth Sciences 2020-2030: Earth in Time. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/25761 <\/a>
    [2] \u00a0The Diversity\u2013Innovation Paradox in Science. Bas Hofstra, Vivek V. Kulkarni, Sebastian Munoz-Najar Galvez, Bryan He, Dan Jurafsky, and Daniel A. McFarland PNAS April 28, 2020 117 (17) 9284-9291; first published April 14, 2020     https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1915378117 <\/a>
    [3] Action Plan from All Professional Geoscience Societies and Organizations     https:\/\/www.change.org\/p\/geoscientists-call-for-a-robust-anti-racism-plan-for-the-geosciences<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    \"Picture\" <\/a><\/div><\/div>

    Dr. Luisa F. Zuluaga<\/b>
    Structural Geologist<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    About the Author<\/h2>

    Dr. Luisa F. Zuluaga is a structural geologist, she recently finished a postdoctoral stay in the department of Earth Sciences at UiB. She received a B.S. degree in Geology from the National University of Colombia, a M.S. degree in Petroleum Geosciences from IFP School in France and a PhD in Structural Geology from the University of Bergen. She has worked as an exploration geologist in the oil and gas sector, and as a researcher in Norway. Her latest project within geothermal energy dealt with fracture networks and their potential as analogs for fractured crystalline reservoirs. She is also a proud member of GeoLatinas, currently acting as Vice-chair of its board of directors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Por Luisa F. Zuluaga Editado por \u00c1ngela Ara La ciencia y el conocimiento nunca se acaban, cada nueva respuesta trae nuevas preguntas. Las geociencias no son la excepci\u00f3n. Poco a poco usamos nuestro conocimiento previo para resolver nuestros problemas y preguntas, al igual que el ladrillo y el cemento, creamos cada vez m\u00e1s complejos y m\u00e1s grandes.Sigue leyendo<\/a><\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["entry","author-moagomezco","post-1261","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-english"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/geolatinas.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1261","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/geolatinas.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/geolatinas.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geolatinas.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geolatinas.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1261"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/geolatinas.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1261\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1323,"href":"https:\/\/geolatinas.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1261\/revisions\/1323"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/geolatinas.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1261"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geolatinas.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1261"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geolatinas.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1261"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}